Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech

Parts of speech:

Kinds: Parts of Speech ‡gvU 8 cÖKvi| h_v:

1.      Noun

2.      Pronoun

3.      Verb

4.      Adjective

5.      Adverb

6.      Preposition

7.      Conjunction

8.      Interjection

Noun: ‡h Word Øviv †Kvb wKQzi bvg eySvq Zv‡K Noun e‡j|

Example: Masud, Country, etc.

Kinds of noun: Noun ‡gvU cvuP cÖKvi| h_v:

1.      Proper Noun

2.      Common Noun

3.      Collective Noun

4.      Material Noun

5.      Abstract Noun

1. Proper noun:  GKwU wbw`©ó e¨w³, e¯‘, ¯’vb, BZ¨vw` bvg‡K Proper Noun e‡j|

Ex: The Padma, Dhaka, Arif etc.

Ex: ‡KvbwU Proper Noun?

   (a) Dhaka              (b) Water      

   (c) Man                   (d) City

2. Common Noun: ‡h mKj Noun Øviv wbw`©ó †Kvb e¨w³, e¯‘, ¯’v‡bi bvg bv eywS‡q GKRvZxq mKj‡K eySvq Zv‡`i‡K Common Noun e‡j|

Ex: Man, Boy, Girl, Book, River, Elephant, City, People BZ¨vw`|

Ex: What kind of noun is “girl”?

   (a) Common           (b) Proper     

   (c) Abstract             (d) Collective

 3.    Collective noun: ‡h mKj Noun Øviv mgRvZxq wKQz e¨w³, e¯‘‘, mgwó‡K †evSvq Zv‡`i‡K Collective Noun e‡j|

     ‡hgb- Cattle, Committee, Jury, Team, Army, Crowd, Audience BZ¨vw`|

Ex: What kind of noun of the word “Cattle”?

               (a) Proper               (b) Common                           (c) Collective         (d) Material

4.    Material noun: ‡h Noun Øviv †Kvb c`v‡_©i m¤ú~Y© Ask‡K eySvq Ges hv‡`i †K msL¨v Øviv MYbv Kiv hvq bv, wKš‘ GKK Øviv cwigvc Kiv hvq, Zv‡`i‡K Material Noun e‡j| †hgbÑ Water, Paper, Salt, Iron, Diamond, Oil, Rice, Milk BZ¨vw`|

Ex: What kind of noun is “Milk”?

               (a) Proper               (b) Common

               (c) Material            (d) Collective

5.    Abstract noun: ‡h mKj Noun Øviv, †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v I Kv‡Ri bvg eySvq Zv‡`i‡K Abstract Noun   e‡j| G‡`i †k‡l mvaviYZ dom, hood, ness, sion, ment, ship, th, ty, ry BZ¨vw`|

Ex: What kind of noun is “Honesty”?

               (a) Proper               (b) Common

             (c) Abstract            (d) Collective

* Proper Noun KLb Common noun nqÑ mv`„k¨ Zzjbv Ki‡j Zzjbxq Proper Noun wU Common noun n‡q hvq Ges G‡¶‡Î Common noun wUi c~‡e© the Ges c‡i of e‡m|

Ex: Nazurl is the Byron of Bangladesh.

              The underlined word is used as-

            (a) Proper               (b) Common                                (c) Material               (d) Collective

* Material Noun KLb Common Noun nq- Material Noun Gi c~‡e© The Ges c‡i of e‡m| wbw`ó Ki‡j Material Noun wU Common Noun n‡q hvq| A_©vr-

      (The + Material Noun + of)

Ex: The gold of Africa is famous in the world.

* Collective noun KLb Common noun nq-

       The + collective noun + of

Ex: The army of Bangladesh is brave

* Countable Noun: ‡h Noun ‡K MYbv Kiv hvq Zv‡K Countable Noun e‡j| †hgb- Student, Book, Pen BZ¨vw`|

* Uncountable noun: ‡h Noun ‡K MYbv Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K Uncountable Noun e‡j| †hgb: Information, Furniture, Equipment, Scenery, Fun, Money, Luggage, Bread, Rice BZ¨vw`|

Pronoun

Noun Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ kãB Pronoun|

Pronoun AvU cÖKvi t  

1.      Personal Pronoun

2.      Reflexive Pronoun

3.      Demonstrative Pronoun

4.      Indefinite Pronoun 

5.      Interrogative Pronoun

6.      Relative Pronoun

7.      Distributive Pronoun

8.      Reciprocal Pronoun

1.    Personal Pronoun:  e¨w³i bv‡gi cwie‡Z© †h Pronoun ¸‡jv e‡m GivB Personal Pronoun.

Ex: Shanta knew the fact but he did not tell me.

GLv‡b “Shanta” GKRb Person Ges ÒHe” Zvi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ kã| ZvB Bnv Personal Pronoun.

Ex: I me, my, mine, we, us, our, he, him, his, she, her, hers, they, them, their, theirs BZ¨vw`|

Personal Pronoun Including Possessive Pronoun:  ‡h Pronoun ¸wj Possession ev †Kvb wKQzi Dci Kv‡iv gvwjKvbv `vwe K‡i Zv‡`i Possessive Pronoun e‡j|

Subject	Object	Possessive Adjective	Possessive Pronoun
I	me	my	mine
We	us	our	ours
You	you	your	yours
He	him	his	his
She	her	hers	hers
They	them	their	their

Use of Personal Pronoun:

Rule-1: hw` verb Gi c~‡e© wewfbœ number I Person Gi Subject and/or Øviv hy³ nq, Z‡e cÖ_‡g 2<sup>nd</sup> Zvici 3<sup>rd</sup> Ges †k‡l 1<sup>st</sup> Person Abymv‡i Ges me¸‡jv Subjective form e‡m| ms‡¶‡c (231) G‡¶‡Î Verb me©`v Plural nq| Avcbviv ÒPerson”  ‡R‡b wb‡eb|

Ex: Choose the correct sentence.

(a) I, you, and Limi have passed.

(b) I, Taslima and you have passed.

(c) Taslima, I and you have passed.

       (d) You, Taslima and I have passed.

 

Rule:-2: ‡`vl ev Aciva ¯^xKvi Kivi †¶‡Î cÖ_‡g 1^st Zvici 2^nd Ges †k‡l 3^rd Person Abymv‡i e‡m| ms‡¶‡c (123)|

Ex: Choose the correct sentence-

(a)  You, he and I am guilty.

(b)  You, he and I are guilty.

      (c) I, You, and he are guilty.

(d. He, I and You are guilty.

Rule-3: Let GKwU Verb weavq Gic‡i Pronoun wUi Object form (me, us, him, her, them) BZ¨vw` e‡m|

Ex: Which one is correct sentence?

(a)  Let he and I go.

(b)  Let I and he go.

(c)  Let me and he go.

     (d) Let him and me go.

Rule-4: Be verb (am, is are, was, were BZ¨vw`) Gic‡i Subjective form e‡m|

Ex: I wish I were------------ 

          (a) him              (b) his              

          (c) he                (d) himself

2. Reflexive Pronoun: Verb Gi Subject I Object GKB e¨vw³‡K eySv‡j Zv‡`i‡K Reflexive Pronoun e‡j| Giv Self Ges Selves hy³ n‡q MwVZ nq| A_©¨vr ÒSelf” hy³ Word-B Reflexive Pronoun.

Ex: myself, ourselves, himself, herself, yourselves BZ¨vw`|

Which one is a reflexive Pronoun?

            (a) They            (b) who

            (c) me               (d) himself

Rule-1: absent, avail, enjoy, pride, exert BZ¨vw` Verb ¸‡jvi ci Subject Abyhvqx Reflexive Pronoun e‡m|

Ex: Choose the correct sentence.

(a)  He absented from the meeting.

(b)  He was absented from the meeting.

(c)  He had absented from the meeting.

       (d) He absented himself from the meeting.

3. Demonstrative Pronoun:  ‡h mKj Pronoun eZ©gvb, AZxZ, fwel¨‡Zi wKsev wbKUeZ©x ev `~ieZ©x †Kvb Noun ‡K we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k K‡i| †hgbÑ  This, These, That, Those BZ¨vw`|

Ex: This is my pen. Here “This”-

       (a) Personal Pronoun

       (b) Demonstrative Pronoun

       (c) Possessive Pronoun               

       (d) Reflexive Pronoun

4. Indefinite Pronoun: ‡h Pronoun ‡Kvb Awbw`©ó e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K †evSvq| †hgb: any, anybody, some, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, another, others, one, none, no one, everything, something, many, all, few, little, much, many,  more BZ¨vw`|

Ex: Any, anyone, some, someone, are-

       (a) Demonstrative Pronoun                

      (b) Indefinite Pronoun

       (c) Relative Pronoun                            

       (d) Reflexive Pronoun

Rule-1: One of, no one of, everyone of, anyone of, someone of cÖf„wZ Gi c‡i Plural Noun/Pronoun Ges Singular verb e‡m|

Ex: Which one is correct?

      (a) One of my friends is a lawyer.

       (b) One of my friends are a lawyer.

       (c) One of my friend is a lawyer.

       (d) One of my friend are lawyers.

Rule-2: One hw` Subject nq Zvn‡j Zvi Possessive Case wU me©`vB one’s n‡e|

Ex: One should be careful about-----duty.

       (a) her                     (b) his                     

       (c) the                     (d) one’s

5.    Interrogative Pronoun: ‡h mKj Pronoun Øviv cÖkœ Kiv nq| Sentence Gi cÖ_‡g  Who, What, Which, Whom, _vK‡j Ges Zvici Auxiliary verb _vK‡j ZLbB Giv Interrogative Pronoun. G‡¶‡Î Sentence Gi †k‡l Note of Interrogative? e‡m|

Ex: Whom did you meet yesterday? The word “Whom” is-----Pronoun?

       (a) Relative                     (b) Interrogative

       (c) Demonstrative            (d) None

6.    Relative Pronoun: ‡h Pronoun c~‡e© Dwj­wLZ †Kvb Noun ev Pronoun ‡K wb‡`©k c~e©K `ywU evK¨‡K hy³ K‡i Zv‡K Relative Pronoun e‡j|  †hgb- who, which, that, but, whom, who, BZ¨vw` Relative Pronoun wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|

Ex: The boy who came yesterday is my brother. (GLv‡b who Øviv boy ‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡”Q|)

This is the man who is my brother. Her “Who” is------

       (a) Personal Pronoun

       (b) Relative Pronoun

       (c) Distributive Pronoun

       (d) Reflexive Pronoun

Rule-1: Gap Gi c‡i Verb _vK‡j Ges Gap Gi c~‡e© Person  (e¨w³) _vK‡j Gap G Who e‡m| wKš‘ Gap Gi c~‡e© e¯‘ _vK‡j Which/that e‡m|

Ex: I know the boy---------is there.

   (a) which          (b) that

  (c) who             (d) whom

7.    Distributive Pronoun: ‡h Pronoun A‡bK ¸‡jv e¨w³ ev e¯‘ †_‡K GKwU e¯‘ ev e¨w³‡K Avjv`v K‡i eySvq Zv‡K Distributive Pronoun e‡j| †hgb- each, either, neither BZ¨vw`|

Ex: Each of them was present. Here type of Pronoun “each” is ------Pronoun.

       (a) Personal             (b) Relative

       (c) Reciprocal        (d) Distributive

8.    Reciprocal Pronoun: ‡h mKj Pronoun mvaviYZ cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK© wb‡`©k K‡i| †hgb- each other, one another BZ¨vw`| Each other- `yBR‡bi g‡a¨, one another-ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ eySv‡Z Reciprocal Pronoun e¨eüZ nq| Giv KL‡bv Subject nq _v‡K|

Ex: Choose the correct sentence.

(a)  The three sisters love each other.

       (b) The three sisters love one another.

(c) The three sisters loved each other.

(d)  The three sisters loves one another.